An institution specializing within the sale, restore, and sometimes the creation of timekeeping gadgets located throughout the Austrian capital, such a enterprise represents greater than a mere retail outlet. It may function a hub for horological experience and a repository of intricate mechanisms, catering to each collectors and people in search of practical timepieces. For instance, a traveler may go to such a store to accumulate a domestically made cuckoo clock as a memento, or a resident may search the providers of a talented clockmaker to revive a household heirloom.
The importance of such institutions extends past their industrial objective. They contribute to the preservation of conventional craftsmanship and supply a tangible hyperlink to the historic growth of timekeeping know-how. Moreover, they’ll function vacationer points of interest, drawing guests within the metropolis’s cultural heritage and the artistry of clockmaking. Traditionally, Vienna has been a middle for precision engineering and inventive craftsmanship, making such specialised outlets an necessary ingredient of its cultural panorama.
Additional dialogue will discover the precise providers provided, the forms of timepieces sometimes discovered inside, and the broader impression on native economic system and tourism. Subsequent sections could delve into the historical past of clockmaking in Vienna and the profiles of outstanding clockmakers related to these institutions.
1. Timepiece Selection
The center of a Viennese clock store beats with the rhythm of numerous mechanisms. Timepiece selection shouldn’t be merely a matter of stocking cabinets; it is a deliberate curatorial act, a mirrored image of Viennas historic place as a crossroads of empires and inventive actions. A store displaying solely a single model of clock would fail to seize the essence of town, a spot the place Baroque extravagance coexists with the clear traces of Jugendstil. The presence of grandfather clocks, their pendulum swings echoing centuries previous, stands in stark distinction to the intricate workings of pocket watches, every a miniature marvel of engineering. The impact is a symphony of ticking and chiming, a tangible illustration of occasions relentless march.
The depth of selection instantly impacts a outlets clientele. A collector in search of a uncommon regulator clock, utilized in observatories for its precision, can be drawn to an institution recognized for its experience in historic timepieces. Conversely, a vacationer in search of a extra reasonably priced and readily transportable memento may gravitate towards a number of cuckoo clocks, every handcrafted with conventional motifs. The flexibility to cater to those numerous wants stems from a deep understanding of horology and an appreciation for the tales embedded inside every timepiece. It additionally necessitates a community of suppliers, artisans, and restorers able to sustaining and repairing a variety of mechanisms.
Finally, timepiece selection safeguards the cultural legacy of clockmaking in Vienna. By showcasing each the grand and the minute, the vintage and the fashionable, these outlets turn into residing museums, preserving the artwork for future generations. The problem lies in balancing historic authenticity with up to date tastes, guaranteeing that these timepieces stay related and fascinating in a quickly altering world. The success of a Viennese clock store hinges not solely on its potential to inform time however on its potential to inform a narrative, a narrative woven from the intricate threads of historical past, artwork, and engineering.
2. Knowledgeable Restoration
Inside a Viennese clock store, the idea of knowledgeable restoration transcends mere restore; it’s an act of cultural preservation, a resurrection of historical past encased in gears and comes. These institutions aren’t merely factors of sale however are sometimes sanctuaries the place the ravages of time are meticulously reversed. The talent and dedication concerned in knowledgeable restoration is crucial to each the outlets status and the preservation of Viennas horological heritage.
-
Prognosis and Evaluation
Earlier than a single instrument touches a timepiece, an intensive analysis is carried out. This course of includes cautious remark, documentation, and an understanding of the clocks unique design and supplies. It isn’t unusual for a restorer to seek the advice of historic archives or collaborate with different consultants to precisely decide the suitable plan of action. A seemingly easy restore may require a deep dive into the historical past of clockmaking, figuring out the precise strategies used throughout its creation. For example, a cracked porcelain dial on a Nineteenth-century clock might necessitate sourcing supplies from a particular area or using conventional firing strategies to realize an ideal match.
-
Part Replication and Sourcing
Many vintage clocks require substitute elements, elements lengthy since rendered out of date. Knowledgeable restoration usually includes the painstaking job of recreating these elements by hand, utilizing conventional strategies and supplies. A lacking gear could be meticulously reduce and filed from brass, whereas a damaged spring may very well be re-tempered utilizing strategies handed down by means of generations. When unique elements are unavailable for replication, restorers will often search extensively for genuine replacements, scouring vintage markets, attending horological auctions, and leveraging networks of collectors and sellers. The flexibility to precisely replicate or supply these elements is important to sustaining the integrity of the unique timepiece.
-
Cleansing and Conservation
Years of amassed mud, grime, and corrosion can obscure the sweetness and hinder the operate of an vintage clock. Knowledgeable cleansing is a fragile course of, requiring specialised solvents and strategies to take away these deposits with out damaging delicate surfaces. Gilding could have to be gently cleaned and stabilized, intricate carvings rigorously dusted, and the whole mechanism totally disassembled and cleaned earlier than reassembly. The aim shouldn’t be merely to make the clock look new however to preserve its unique character whereas guaranteeing its continued performance.
-
Reassembly and Regulation
The ultimate stage of restoration is probably probably the most difficult. Reassembling the clock requires a deep understanding of its intricate workings and the exact relationship between every part. Every screw have to be tightened to the proper torque, every gear correctly lubricated, and the whole mechanism rigorously regulated to make sure correct timekeeping. This course of usually includes days, weeks, and even months of fine-tuning, adjusting the pendulum size, balancing the escapement, and synchronizing the chimes. A profitable restoration culminates in a timepiece that not solely appears to be like lovely but additionally features flawlessly, a testomony to the talent and endurance of the restorer.
The experience utilized to every of those aspects elevates the status of the Clock Store of Vienna. These expertise protect the historical past and fantastic thing about historic timepieces, permitting these things for use and appreciated for generations to come back. They improve not solely the worth of the timepieces but additionally the cultural and historic significance of Vienna.
3. Creative Design
The clock outlets of Vienna aren’t merely purveyors of time; they’re galleries the place horology meets artistry. Vienna, a metropolis steeped in imperial grandeur and inventive innovation, has lengthy fostered a convention the place performance is inseparable from aesthetic enchantment. The inventive design inherent in Viennese clocks shouldn’t be merely decorative; it’s an integral a part of the clocks id, a mirrored image of the cultural milieu from which it emerged. The palms of a clock, as an illustration, could be crafted not simply to point the time however to evoke the fragile curves of Artwork Nouveau, the motion echoing the architectural prospers that outline town itself. A clockmaker may spend weeks, and even months, painstakingly carving intricate floral patterns into the picket casing, turning a easy timekeeping machine into a singular objet dart. This emphasis on inventive design instantly influences the perceived worth and desirability of those clocks. A mass-produced timepiece may serve the identical practical objective, but it surely lacks the soul and character imbued by Viennese craftsmanship.
The affect of inventive design extends past the outward look of Viennese clocks. It impacts the selection of supplies, the complexity of the actions, and the general sense of concord that the timepiece initiatives. Think about, for instance, using enamel dials. These dials, usually hand-painted with pastoral scenes or floral motifs, add a layer of visible richness and depth to the clock. The method of making these dials requires a mastery of portray strategies and an understanding of the chemical properties of enamel. Equally, using valuable metals, comparable to gold and silver, within the development of clock actions elevates these timepieces from mere devices to things of tolerating worth. The number of particular supplies, like the selection of Viennese walnut for clock instances, contributes not solely to the clocks structural integrity but additionally to its aesthetic enchantment, the grain of the wooden turning into an integral a part of the general design. The pursuit of inventive excellence drives innovation and experimentation throughout the clockmaking commerce, resulting in the event of recent strategies and the creation of more and more refined timepieces. Clocks turn into extra than simply machines that inform time; they turn into artistic endeavors that inform a narrative.
In essence, the inventive design shouldn’t be merely a part of the clock outlets of Vienna; it’s their very essence. It represents a dedication to high quality, craftsmanship, and the enduring energy of magnificence. With out this dedication to inventive design, the clocks would merely be practical objects, devoid of the character and appeal that make them so extremely prized. The continued success of those outlets relies on their potential to protect and promote this inventive legacy, guaranteeing that future generations can admire the distinctive mix of performance and artistry that defines Viennese clockmaking. The problem lies in balancing custom with innovation, adapting to altering tastes whereas remaining true to the core rules of Viennese design.
4. Historic Relevance
The echo of empires and inventive revolutions reverberates inside every tick and tock emanating from Viennese clock outlets. “Historic relevance” is not merely a advertising time period; it is the very lifeblood that sustains these institutions, reworking them from easy retailers into residing museums of time and tradition.
-
Guardians of Viennese Craftsmanship
Vienna as soon as stood as a central hub for clockmaking, a legacy meticulously maintained throughout the partitions of its clock outlets. They’re the custodians of strategies handed down by means of generations, the keepers of secrets and techniques relating to spring tempering, gear reducing, and the clever software of enamel. The restoration of a Biedermeier clock, as an illustration, necessitates a familiarity with the period’s stylistic preferences and manufacturing strategies, successfully turning the clockmaker right into a historian. To lose these outlets can be to sever a direct hyperlink to town’s industrial and inventive previous.
-
Mirrors of Societal Evolution
Every clock inside a Viennese store tells a silent story in regards to the period of its creation. The ornate grandeur of a Baroque timepiece speaks to the opulence of the Habsburg court docket, whereas the clear traces of an Artwork Deco clock mirror the daybreak of modernism. These timepieces act as tangible artifacts, providing insights into the social values, aesthetic preferences, and technological developments of various durations. The presence of those clocks provides a tangible connection to historical past, serving as silent witnesses to the rise and fall of empires.
-
Repositories of Horological Innovation
Vienna has lengthy been a breeding floor for horological innovation, and its clock outlets usually home uncommon and traditionally important examples of those developments. From early pendulum clocks to stylish astronomical timepieces, these outlets provide a glimpse into the evolution of timekeeping know-how. A clockmaker may possess a regulator clock, as soon as utilized in observatories to set the usual for time measurement, or a musical clock, a marvel of engineering that mixes timekeeping with melodic artistry. They exhibit the ingenuity and precision which have lengthy been related to Viennese craftsmanship.
-
Landmarks of Cultural Tourism
The historic relevance of Viennese clock outlets transforms them into important vacationer locations. Guests flock to those institutions not simply to buy souvenirs however to immerse themselves within the metropolis’s cultural heritage. Guided excursions usually incorporate these outlets, highlighting their historic significance and the craftsmanship they signify. They function entry factors right into a broader understanding of Viennese historical past and tradition, attracting vacationers and supporting the native economic system.
These mixed facets solidify the historic relevance of Viennese clock outlets. They safeguard Viennese craftsmanship, mirror societal evolution, signify innovation, and function tourism landmarks. Every is a vital part that, when taken collectively, demonstrates the function these outlets play in preserving historical past. These outlets are greater than shops; they’re time capsules preserving Vienna’s legacy.
5. Native Craftsmanship
Throughout the hushed interiors of Viennese clock outlets, a legacy unfolds, whispered by the turning of gears and the mild chime of meticulously crafted bells. This legacy is “native craftsmanship,” an intricate tapestry woven from generations of talent, custom, and unwavering dedication to the horological arts. The clocks are greater than timekeeping gadgets; they’re embodiments of Viennese id, solid in workshops the place the scent of aged wooden mingles with the exact hum of equipment.
-
The Arms That Form Time
The experience underpinning these institutions shouldn’t be merely realized; it’s inherited, handed down from grasp to apprentice over a long time. The clockmakers, usually family-run companies, possess an intimate data of each part, from the smallest screw to probably the most intricate escapement. Their palms, calloused but delicate, form the brass and metal into practical artistic endeavors. These are the artisans who breathe life again into forgotten timepieces, painstakingly restoring their mechanisms and preserving their aesthetic magnificence. With out these people, Vienna’s horological heritage would fade into obscurity, a misplaced chapter within the metropolis’s cultural narrative. Take, for instance, the story of Herr Schmidt, a third-generation clockmaker who spent years learning below his father, mastering the artwork of hand-cutting gears. His experience shouldn’t be present in textbooks however etched into his reminiscence, a residing testomony to the worth of hands-on expertise.
-
Supplies Born of the Land
The clocks of Vienna aren’t merely assembled; they’re organically crafted from supplies sourced domestically, every ingredient chosen for its particular properties and aesthetic qualities. The instances are long-established from Viennese walnut, its wealthy grain including heat and character to the design. Brass, mined from close by areas, kinds the intricate gears and mechanisms. Enamel, utilized to the dials, is made utilizing conventional recipes, its colours reflecting the hues of the encircling panorama. This connection to the land imbues the clocks with a way of authenticity, a tangible hyperlink to the area’s pure sources. A craftsman, when sourcing Viennese walnut, considers its density, age, and the distinctive grain patterns, every choice reflecting a deep understanding of the supplies traits. This care contributes to the timepiece’s total longevity and worth.
-
Preservation of Conventional Strategies
The clock outlets of Vienna stand as bulwarks towards the tide of mass manufacturing, safeguarding conventional strategies which were refined over centuries. Clockmakers meticulously observe the artwork of hand-engraving, adorning clock faces with intricate floral patterns and pastoral scenes. They make use of time-honored strategies of gilding, making use of skinny layers of gold leaf to the instances. These strategies, usually handed down by means of generations, aren’t merely ornamental; they’re integral to the clocks total high quality and aesthetic enchantment. A grasp engraver, as an illustration, may spend weeks painstakingly carving a single dial, utilizing specialised instruments and strategies perfected over a long time. This dedication to conventional strategies ensures that every clock is a singular masterpiece, a testomony to the talent and artistry of the craftsman.
-
A Residing Legacy
These aren’t static repositories of the previous however residing workshops the place custom and innovation intertwine. Whereas preserving time-honored strategies, clockmakers additionally embrace new applied sciences and design ideas. They create fashionable timepieces that mirror up to date tastes whereas sustaining the elemental rules of Viennese craftsmanship. This fusion of outdated and new ensures that the custom stays related and vibrant, able to adapting to the altering wants of the world. It additionally permits for creation of heirloom, designed to be handed down, sustaining cultural relevancy and persevering with the significance of each the store and craftsmanship.
Thus, the threads of historical past, artistry, and talent converge throughout the “clock outlets of Vienna”. They stand as greater than industrial institutions; they’re residing symbols of a cultural id. They’re locations the place the soul of Vienna is measured not simply in hours and minutes, however in generations of dedication, talent, and unwavering dedication to the artwork of native craftsmanship. The way forward for these outlets hinges on the preservation and nurturing of this craftsmanship, guaranteeing that the legacy continues to chime for hundreds of years to come back.
6. Tourism Attraction
Vienna, a metropolis synonymous with imperial grandeur and inventive legacy, attracts guests from throughout the globe. The clock store, a seemingly unassuming institution, subtly weaves itself into the material of Viennese tourism. These outlets, usually nestled amidst grand boulevards and historic landmarks, turn into factors of curiosity, drawing in curious onlookers and seasoned collectors alike. The intricate mechanisms displayed of their home windows, the mild ticking that spills onto the sidewalks, act as siren songs, beckoning passersby to step inside and discover a world the place time stands nonetheless, but always marches ahead.
The attract stems from greater than mere curiosity. Every clock, whether or not an vintage masterpiece or a contemporary creation, represents a tangible piece of Viennese historical past and craftsmanship. Vacationers, in search of genuine experiences and souvenirs that transcend mass-produced trinkets, discover themselves drawn to those institutions. A cuckoo clock, hand-carved with conventional motifs, turns into greater than only a timepiece; it transforms into a logo of town, a reminder of its wealthy cultural heritage. The act of buying a clock, whether or not a grand grandfather clock destined for a stately residence or a small pocket watch to be carried as a memento, connects the customer to Vienna in a profound and lasting approach. Actual-life examples abound, from the Japanese vacationer meticulously inspecting the inside workings of a regulator clock to the American household excitedly choosing a musical clock to grace their lounge. These transactions aren’t merely industrial exchanges; they’re cultural encounters that enrich the guests’ expertise and strengthen their connection to Vienna.
The sensible significance of this understanding lies within the recognition that clock outlets aren’t merely companies; they’re integral elements of Vienna’s tourism ecosystem. By preserving conventional craftsmanship, showcasing historic timepieces, and offering personalised service, these outlets contribute to town’s distinctive id and appeal to a discerning clientele. Nonetheless, challenges stay. The rising prices of hire, the competitors from on-line retailers, and the necessity to adapt to altering shopper preferences threaten the sustainability of those institutions. Subsequently, it’s essential that native authorities and tourism organizations acknowledge the worth of clock outlets and supply assist to make sure their continued survival. Solely by means of such concerted efforts can Vienna safeguard its horological heritage and make sure that these charming institutions proceed to draw guests for generations to come back. The way forward for the clock outlets is intertwined with the way forward for Viennese tourism, a testomony to the enduring energy of custom and the attract of timeless craftsmanship.
Steadily Requested Questions Concerning the Clock Retailers of Vienna
The world of Viennese clock outlets can appear shrouded in thriller, a labyrinth of gears, springs, and whispered histories. To demystify this world, sure questions come up often. These questions warrant cautious consideration, as they strike on the coronary heart of what makes these institutions so distinctive and valued.
Query 1: Are Viennese Clock Retailers Simply Vacationer Traps?
The query carries a sting, implying a superficiality that undermines the true nature of those institutions. The belief usually stems from the prevalence of mass-produced souvenirs that mimic conventional Viennese designs. Nonetheless, to dismiss all clock outlets as mere vacationer traps is to disregard the presence of real artisans and historic repositories. The true clock outlets, those that endure, are outlined by an unwavering dedication to craftsmanship and authenticity. They’re the workshops the place grasp clockmakers restore centuries-old timepieces and the place the artwork of hand-engraving dials remains to be practiced with reverence.
Query 2: Is It Price Investing in an Vintage Clock From Vienna?
A prudent question, given the potential expense and the complexities of buying historic artifacts. The choice to speculate hinges on a number of components: the clocks provenance, its situation, and the status of the vendor. A clock with a documented historical past, restored by a good clockmaker, and possessing distinctive options holds important worth, each aesthetically and traditionally. Nonetheless, it’s important to method such purchases with warning, in search of knowledgeable recommendation and verifying the clocks authenticity. A clock ought to be thought of not merely as a monetary funding, however as an heirloom, a tangible hyperlink to a wealthy cultural heritage.
Query 3: Can a Trendy Clock Be Thought of a True Viennese Clock?
The paradox of custom versus innovation lies on the coronary heart of this concern. The time period “Viennese clock” evokes photos of ornate designs and time-honored strategies. Nonetheless, the craft should evolve to outlive. Trendy clocks, designed and crafted by Viennese artisans, can certainly be thought of true to the custom, offered they embody the identical dedication to high quality, precision, and inventive design. These clocks could incorporate up to date supplies and aesthetics, however they nonetheless mirror the spirit of Viennese craftsmanship. The secret’s to differentiate between mass-produced imitations and real creations crafted by native artisans.
Query 4: How Does One Establish an Genuine Viennese Clock?
This pursuit calls for a eager eye and a discerning spirit. Figuring out marks, such because the maker’s signature or the hallmark of a Viennese guild, can present clues. Nonetheless, these marks will be faked, necessitating a extra thorough examination. The standard of the supplies, the intricacy of the motion, and the general craftsmanship ought to be rigorously scrutinized. Consulting with a horological knowledgeable is extremely really useful, as they possess the data and expertise to detect delicate indicators of authenticity. Finally, the seek for an genuine clock is a journey of discovery, a quest to uncover the hidden particulars that reveal its true origins.
Query 5: What Occurs if a Clock Breaks Down After Buy?
The potential for mechanical failure is a sensible concern. A good clock store will provide restore providers, both in-house or by means of trusted companions. The supply of spare elements and the experience of the clockmakers are essential components to think about. A guaranty, although usually restricted in scope, can present peace of thoughts. Nonetheless, the most effective safeguard towards future issues is to decide on a clock of top quality and to make sure that it’s correctly maintained. Common cleansing and lubrication are important for prolonging the lifetime of a mechanical timepiece.
Query 6: Are All Clock Retailers in Vienna Household-Owned Companies?
The romantic picture of the family-run clock store, handed down by means of generations, holds a sure enchantment. Whereas many Viennese clock outlets are certainly family-owned, this isn’t universally the case. Some institutions could also be owned by bigger companies or people with purely industrial pursuits. The secret’s to look past the possession construction and to give attention to the standard of the merchandise and the experience of the employees. A clock store that values custom, craftsmanship, and customer support is extra more likely to provide a real and enriching expertise, no matter its possession.
The center of this matter is that the clock outlets of Vienna provide extra than simply merchandise; they provide items of historical past, embodiments of expertise, and tangible connections to a wealthy cultural legacy. Approaching these institutions with knowledgeable curiosity, asking the proper questions, and in search of the steering of consultants is important for navigating the complexities of this fascinating world.
The next sections will give attention to the method of choosing an acceptable Viennese clock for particular person wants and preferences, incorporating components comparable to model, performance, and finances. This deeper exploration guarantees to offer a extra holistic view of this distinctive market.
Timeless Knowledge
Throughout the hallowed halls of Viennese clock outlets, greater than timepieces reside. Generations of horological experience have distilled into sensible data, providing insights precious to each seasoned collectors and curious newcomers. Think about these phrases not as mere strategies, however as echoes of knowledge gleaned from centuries of dedication.
Tip 1: Search Authenticity Past the Model.
A famend title doesn’t assure inherent worth. Inquire in regards to the clockmaker’s historical past, the supplies used, and the restoration course of. A real Viennese clock carries a singular character, a signature of expertise usually absent in mass-produced objects. Look at the motion, the standard of the enamel, and the precision of the engraving. These particulars reveal the true origins of the timepiece.
Tip 2: Let the Silence Communicate.
Earlier than falling for ornate designs, hearken to the clock’s inside voice. A well-maintained mechanism emits a gentle, rhythmic tick, an indication of harmonious operation. A strained or irregular sound suggests underlying points that will require expensive repairs. A clock’s silence, too, will be telling. A scarcity of ticking in a purportedly functioning clock ought to elevate speedy concern.
Tip 3: Acknowledge the Worth of Imperfection.
Don’t mistake age for decay. A clock bearing the marks of time a slight scratch on the dial, a delicate patina on the brass usually possesses a richer historical past and a deeper character than a pristine copy. These imperfections whisper tales of bygone eras, including to the timepiece’s distinctive appeal. Nonetheless, distinguish between character and neglect; structural harm requires skilled consideration.
Tip 4: Prioritize Restoration over Renovation.
The urge to modernize an vintage will be tempting, however resist the impulse. Restoration seeks to protect the unique character of the clock, whereas renovation usually strips away its historic significance. A talented clockmaker can restore a timepiece to its former glory with out compromising its authenticity. Hunt down an artisan who values the clock’s historical past and possesses the experience to revive its inherent magnificence.
Tip 5: Set up a Relationship, Not Only a Transaction.
A clock store is greater than a retail outlet; it’s a group of fans and consultants. Have interaction with the employees, ask questions, and share your ardour for horology. A good store values long-term relationships over short-term earnings, offering ongoing assist and steering. These are people who can turn into trusted advisors, serving to to navigate the intricacies of clock accumulating.
Tip 6: Perceive The Significance of Motion
The center of any clock is not simply aesthetics however the motion. Examine whether or not its an eight-day or a one-day motion, the supplies used, and the way properly it ticks. Ask about its upkeep necessities and restore historical past. A well-maintained motion is a testomony to its worth and a promise for its longevity.
Tip 7: Think about Placement
Earlier than finalizing a purchase order, visualize the clock in its meant setting. Will its dimension and elegance complement the room’s decor? Is the pendulum swing unhindered? A clock shouldn’t be merely a practical object however an integral a part of the setting, including character and heat. Think about the acoustics of the room, guaranteeing that the clock’s chimes resonate harmoniously.
Adhering to those rules, one embarks on a journey of horological discovery, not merely buying a timepiece, however embracing a chunk of historical past, a testomony to human ingenuity, and a long-lasting legacy.
The journey has solely simply begun. Discover the ultimate part to solidify understanding and supply the closure on this topic.
Echoes of Time
This exploration has traversed the intricate panorama of “the clock store of Vienna,” revealing institutions far past easy shops. These are repositories of historical past, artwork, and meticulous craftsmanship, sustained by generations of devoted artisans. From the intricate mechanics of vintage restorations to the aesthetic concord of contemporary designs, these outlets embody the enduring spirit of Viennese tradition. The legacy present in every tick and tock is a testomony to the fusion of performance and artistry, the very essence of those specialised institutions.
As the ultimate chime fades, keep in mind that time continues its relentless march. The story of those outlets is a name to understand not merely the measurement of hours, however the preservation of custom. Hunt down the enduring craftsmanship, the whispered tales of historical past, and the timeless magnificence that resonates inside every timepiece. Maybe a go to is so as. Maybe a legacy awaits discovery. The selection, as at all times, is yours.